
Increase the amount of information you remember both long-term and short-term.


Memory

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Alpha-GPC should be consumed on a daily basis to reap the most benefits.

Daily



## What is alpha-GPC?

Alpha-glycerophosphocholine is a compound naturally occurring in the brain and (in trace amounts) various foods. It is famous for being an efficient choline prodrug.<Ref id="alpha-GPC02"/> Choline is an essential nutrient,<Ref id="alpha-GPC01"/> meaning it needs to be obtained from the diet since the body is not capable of producing it or producing it in sufficient quantities.<Ref id="alpha-GPC03"/> Choline has multiple roles in the human body, among others it makes up part of our cell membranes and is required to produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

## Where does alpha-GPC come from?

Alpha-GPC is produced naturally by several animals, humans included. It is also produced synthetically to be used for oral supplementation. Acetylcholine is used by bacteria, fungi, and various animals which is a testament to its versatility. Acetylcholine was first noted by Adolf von Baeyer in 1867 who named it _acetylneurin_.<Ref id="alpha-GPC07"/> Later, in 1921 the concept of neurotransmitters came to light and by 1926 Otto Loewi had deduced acetylcholine could be categorized as such.<Ref id="alpha-GPC08"/> Ten years later, in 1936 he and H. H. Dale were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work on acetylcholine and nerve impulses. <Ref id="alpha-GPC09"/>

## What are the effects of alpha-GPC?

Alpha-GPC works mainly by giving the body a source of choline from which it can synthesize acetylcholine. It therefore works primarily by increasing the concentration of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body and brain. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in the activation of muscles. It also plays a role in the autonomic- and the sympathetic nervous system<Ref id="alpha-GPC04"/> and it is the primary transmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system.<Ref id="alpha-GPC05"/> Furthermore acetylcholine plays a role in the parts of the brain responsible for, amongst others, arousal, attention, memory and motivation.<Ref id="alpha-GPC06"/> All of its purported benefits can be ascribed to it versatile role in our nervous system

<DoubleColumnGrid>
<Column>
### Cognitive

- Increased wakefulness
- Improved concentration
- Improved motivation
- Improved memory
- Reduced cognitive decline

</Column>
<Column>
### Physical

- Increased power output
- Increased endurance
</Column>
</DoubleColumnGrid>
## How to use alpha-GPC?

Although alpha-GPC is available in food, the amounts in which are nowhere near the preferable dose. Therefore it is best supplemented in a standard pill form. Pills containing alpha-GPC are available in most countries as a legal dietary supplement.

## How much alpha-GPC to use?

<DosageWarning/>

Most of the available pills range from 300 to 600 mg in the amount of alpha-GPC they contain. Studies on countering the cognitive decline of alzheimers or a recent stroke used a daily dose of 1000 mg for 28 days.<Ref id="alpha-GPC10"/> Studies testing the change in physical performance of athletes used a dose of 600 mg prior to exercising.<Ref id="alpha-GPC11"/> A boost in physical performance might be best achieved by taking a single ‘higher’ dose to create a peak in the amount of acetylcholine available during exercise. For the cognitive benefits of alpha-GPC it may be best to take a ‘lower’ dose multiple times per day to maintain increased levels of acetylcholine.

## What are the side effects of alpha-GPC?

There are no known serious side effects of alpha-GPC. A small number of users may experience a mild headache or teeth grinding. Taking alpha-GPC might exacerbate the symptoms of trimethylaminuria (also known as fish odor syndrome) in people suffering from it.

## Interactions of alpha-GPC

<InteractionWarning/>

alpha-GPC possible interactions with MAOIs which could be dangerous. Combining alpha-GPC with prescription MAOIs should be avoided.<Ref id="alpha-GPC12"/>









Alpha-glycerophosphocholine (Alpha-GPC) naturally occurs in the brain and is known for being an efficient choline prodrug when consumed as a supplement.

Alpha-GPC



## What is modafinil?

Modafinil is a synthetic compound primarily used to improve alertness, wakefulness and attention in people suffering from a lack thereof.  <Ref id="modafinil01"/> Modafinil is one of the substances produced by the body from the prodrug adrafinil. Both drugs have very similar structures and effects. Since modafinil can also be synthesized directly, it was tested as an alternative to adrafinil and appeared to be more potent. Therefore it was favored over adrafinil which got discontinued in 2011. <Ref id="modafinil02"/>

## Where does modafinil come from?

As a synthetic compound, it is synthesized by a pharmaceutical company. This was first done by Michel Jouvet from the French company Laboratoires Lafon. <Ref id="modafinil03"/> It was quickly discovered as a more effective alternative to adrafinil and has been marketed in France under the name modiodal since 1994.


## What are the effects of modafinil?

Modafinil works, similar to <LinkSubstance id="adrafinil">adrafinil</LinkSubstance>, mainly by neurotransmitters orexin and glutamate. Orexin has a role in regulating arousal, wakefulness and appetite.<Ref id="modafinil04" /> Glutamate is involved in a plethora of bodily functions including learning and memory.<Ref id="modafinil05" /> Modafinil was also found to influence dopamine transport in the body which may explain all of its effects.<Ref id="modafinil06" /><Ref id="modafinil07" /> Notable effects include improved focus, learning and memory. When taken orally, the effects of adrafinil usually can be felt after an hour and last for six to twelve hours. Adrafinil has a low addictability <Ref id="modafinil08" /> and people using it are unlikely to build up tolerance. <Ref id="modafinil09" />

<DoubleColumnGrid>
<Column>

### Cognitive

- Reduced fatigue
- Increased wakefulness
- Increased memory
- Increased focus
</Column>
<Column>
### Physical

- Increased activity
</Column>
</DoubleColumnGrid>

## How to use modafinil?

Like most synthetic drugs modafinil is available in powder and pill form both having different pros and cons. Pills tend to be easier to use and more available but offer less possibilities in the way of really fine-tuning your preferred dosage. Powders on the other hand, might offer more versatility and fine tuning but can be less user-friendly.

## How much modafinil to use?

<DosageWarning/>
There are varying reports on how much modafinil to take but it is comparable to adrafinil When it was used as a medicine to treat narcolepsy 200 mg was prescribed twice daily. A study on user reports indicated dosages ranged from 50 mg to 2700 mg. When trying out adrafinil for the first time it can be wise to start with a lower dose of 100 mg and, depending on the experienced effects, increase or decrease the dosage accordingly.

## What are the side effects of modafinil?

There are potential unwanted effects of modafinil, ranging from mild to serious. Less than 10% of users experience a headache, nausea and decreased appetite. Some people experience more serious side effects like anxiety, insomnia or diarrhea. Reports about overdosing on 5000 mg of modafinil indicated no serious long term side effects.<Ref id="modafinil10" />

## Interactions of modafinil

<InteractionWarning/>
Modafinil decreases the efficacy of opioids. Potentially leading to withdrawal symptoms. Modafinil may also have an adverse effect on hormonal contraceptives.








Modafinil is a synthetic compound primarily used to improve alertness, wakefulness and attention in people suffering from a lack thereof.

Modafinil

Sporadically



## What is adrafinil?

Adrafinil is a synthetic compound primarily used to improve alertness, wakefulness and attention in people suffering from a lack thereof. <Ref id="adrafinil03" /> Adrafinil is a prodrug, which means it is used by the body to convert into a different substance. One of those being: <LinkSubstance id="modafinil">modafinil</LinkSubstance>. Both drugs have very similar chemical structures and effects. Since modafinil can also be synthesized directly, it was tested as an alternative to adrafinil and appeared to be more potent. Therefore it was favored over adrafinil which got discontinued in 2011.<Ref id="adrafinil04" />

## Where does adrafinil come from?

As any synthetic compound, it is synthesized by a pharmaceutical company. This was first done by Assous and Gombert from the french company Laboratoires Lafon in 1974.<Ref id="adrafinil01" /> It wasn’t until later they discovered it could increase activity levels in mice. <Ref id="adrafinil02" /> After studies on various animals showed similar effects it was tested on humans in 1977. It reached the market in france some seven years later in 1984<Ref id="adrafinil01" />

## What are the effects of adrafinil?

Adrafinil works mainly by influencing the neurotransmitters orexin and glutamate. Orexin has a role in regulating arousal, wakefulness and appetite.<Ref id="adrafinil09" /> Glutamate is involved in plethora of bodily functions including learning and memory.<Ref id="adrafinil10" /> Adrafinil’s metabolite modafinil was also found to influence dopamine transport in the body which may explain all of its effects.<Ref id="adrafinil05" /><Ref id="adrafinil06" /> Notable effects include improved focus, learning and memory. When taken orally, the effects of adrafinil usually can be felt after an hour and last for six to twelve hours. Adrafinil has a low addictability <Ref id="adrafinil07" /> and people using it are unlikely to build up tolerance. <Ref id="adrafinil08" />


<DoubleColumnGrid>
<Column>

### Cognitive

- Reduced fatigue
- Increased wakefulness
- Increased memory
- Increased focus

</Column>
<Column>
### Physical

- Increased activity
</Column>
</DoubleColumnGrid>

## How to use adrafinil?

Like most synthetic drugs adrafinil is available in powder and pill form both having different pros and cons. Pills tend to be easier to use and more available but offer less possibilities in the way of really fine-tuning your preferred dosage. Powders on the other hand, might offer more versatility and fine tuning but can be less user-friendly.

## How much adrafinil to use?

<DosageWarning/>

There are varying reports on how much adrafinil to take. When it was used as a medicine to treat narcolepsy 600 mg was prescribed twice daily. A study on user reports indicated dosages ranged from 50 mg to 2700 mg. <Ref id="adrafinil11" /> When trying out adrafinil for the first time it can be wise to start with a lower dose of 300 mg and, depending on the experienced effects, increase or decrease the dosage accordingly.

## What are the side effects of adrafinil?

There are potential unwanted effects of adrafinil, ranging from mild to serious. Less than 10% of users experience a headache, nausea and decreased appetite. Some people experience more serious side effects like anxiety, insomnia or diarrhea.


<DoubleColumnGrid>
<Column>
### Cognitive

- Anxiety
</Column>
<Column>
### Physical

- Dehydration
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Nausea
</Column>
</DoubleColumnGrid>

## Interactions of adrafinil

<InteractionWarning/>

Adrafinil is metabolized into modafinil which decreases the efficacy of opioids. Potentially leading to withdrawal symptoms. It is also used popularly in combination with noopept.


Adrafinil is a synthetic compound primarily used to improve alertness, wakefulness and attention in people suffering from a lack thereof.

Adrafinil

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## What is Ginkgo Biloba?

The name Ginkgo Biloba is commonly used to describe the seeds, leaves and nuts belonging to the tree of the same name when used in foods or traditional medicine. The name allegedly comes from the Japanese words for silver apricot; _gin kyou_.<Ref id="Ginkgobiloba01"/> The tree is known for the supposed health benefits of its leaf extract and because it is one of the oldest tree species in the world. These trees which are also known as the _maidenhair tree_ have remained largely unchanged for at least 170 million years.<Ref id="Ginkgobiloba02"/> Ginkgo nuts are also used in Chinese cuisine. The leaf extract has been used to treat a host of ailments ranging from high blood pressure<Ref id="Ginkgobiloba03"/> to altitude sickness<Ref id="Ginkgobiloba04"/> to dementia.<Ref id="Ginkgobiloba05"/>

## Where does Ginkgo Biloba come from?

Ginkgo Biloba trees used to grow on all continents but are now predominantly found in parts of asia. Because of its use in traditional medicine and the accompanying role in Buddhism and Confucianism, Ginkgo has been cultivated throughout parts of Asia like China, Japan and Korea. In the last few hundred years Ginkgo trees have also been planted in Europe and the Americas. To use Ginkgo as a supplement the leaves can be ground into a powder which may then be put into a solvent. Nuts are roasted and may be unsafe to consume raw.

## What are the effects of Ginkgo Biloba?

As is often the case in traditional medicine, Ginkgo Biloba has been used to treat numerous ailments and has been ascribed many benefits. Amongst others, Ginkgo has been used to treat ADD, addiction, altitude sickness, age-related memory loss, anxiety, asthma, blood clots, bronchitis, cancer, chronic fatigue, dementia, diabetes, dyslexia, glaucoma, heart disease, migraines, multiple sclerosis, pain, skin sores, stroke, vertigo and vitiligo.
There is no scientific data supporting the treatment of some of these conditions with Ginkgo. Some research has shown positive effects when using Ginkgo to treat Alzheimer’s disease,<Ref id="Ginkgobiloba06"/> dementia<Ref id="Ginkgobiloba07"/> or to decrease general age-related cognitive decline.<Ref id="Ginkgobiloba08"/>

<DoubleColumnGrid>
<Column>
### Cognitive

- Improved cognition
- Improved memory<Ref id="Ginkgobiloba09"/>
- Reduced cognitive decline
</Column>
<Column>
### Physical

- Improved ocular blood flow<Ref id="Ginkgobiloba10"/><Ref id="Ginkgobiloba11"/>
</Column>
</DoubleColumnGrid>
## How to use Ginkgo Biloba?

Ginkgo can be supplemented through pills, capsules, powders or solvents. All of these seem to be readily available. Another name for this extract is EGb-761. The concentration of these supplements may vary depending on the origin. Capsules supposed to be taken between once and thrice daily can contain 60 mg where powders can come in scoops of 400 mg to be taken once daily. Using Ginkgo as a powder might add (un)wanted flavor to smoothies or juices. However supplemented, it is recommended to not exceed the recommended dosage.

## How much Ginkgo Biloba to use?

<DosageWarning/>

The general cognitive health benefits have been seen using small doses between once and thrice daily. 60 mg taken three times a day should serve this purpose. When supplementing with larger dose capsules (250 mg), once a day will suffice.

## What are the side effects of Ginkgo Biloba?

In general the standardized form of leaf extracts comes with little to no side effects. They can however, include diarrhea, discomfort, dizziness, nausea and vomiting.
Fresh Ginkgo fruits can cause skin reactions including redness, swelling, blistering and itching.

## Interactions of Ginkgo Biloba

<InteractionWarning/>

Ginkgo can cause adverse effects when paired with anticoagulants like _warfarin_. Consult a physician when you are using insulin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.


Ginkgo has been used to treat ADD, addiction, altitude sickness, age-related memory loss, anxiety, and more.

Memory

Substances